逐级化学提取法研究煤中溴的赋存状态

采用逐级化学提取法研究了煤中溴的赋存状态,用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP—MS）测定了煤及各种提取状态中溴的含量．结果表明,来自四川和重庆的8个煤中溴主要以水溶态、离子交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰结合态和有机态存在,平均总提取率为88．2％．对于烟煤和无烟煤,前者有机态溴的相对量大于后者,平均值分别为22．3％和20．0...     

工伤保险行业差别费率确定方法探讨

制定合理的行业差别费率对于工伤保险基金的稳定、促进企业改善安全生产状况具有积极作用.我国工伤保险制度处于起步阶段,有些地区对行业差别费率厘定进行了探索,但费率与风险的关联性不强,影响了低风险企业参加工伤保险统筹的积极性.本文针对工伤统计数据缺乏的现状,分析了现阶段工伤保险行业差别费率确定方法的研究现状,重点讨论了确定行业风险等级的3种方法,即聚类分析法、风险系数测评和模糊风险评估法的应用过程以及优缺点;另外,强调了在确定行业风险指数时,应注意根据不同事故类别的严重度来确定各风险因素指标的权重大小.最后,应用风险评估理论分析工伤保险行业差别费率的运作机理,提出应用工伤赔付支出费用计算行业差别费率的数学公式,此公式原理清晰、操作方便,且有利于各统筹地区根据实际情况划分行业差别费率.     

Assessment of the effect of technical and management characteristics on the frequency of release from piping: An application to a gas storage facility

The assessment of the frequencies of release from piping due to losses of containment is an essential step in the preparing Safety Reports, drawn up as required by the so-called “Seveso” Directive. These are usually calculated starting from the frequencies of random rupture included in international databases and are not plant-specific, furthermore, the quantification of the effect of the safety management system of the facility is not easy. A simple and flexible approach quantifying technical and management characteristics of the plant has been proposed by Milazzo and co-workers in 2010; it is based on the modification of the frequency taken from literature, through the use of the percentages of failure causes actually possible in that plant, and the judgment about their management. The data about the failure causes are taken from the literature and modified by using corrective factors to adapt them to the industrial context. To make possible the application of the method to a large number of major-hazard industry types, some aspects of the approach needed to be improved; these have been identified during a development project coordinated by RINA Consulting, on behalf of Saipem, with the collaboration of the University of Messina. The improvement of the approach focused on two main points, the development of a method to calculate the corrective factors for the failure causes associated with corrosion and erosion phenomena and the strengthening of the methodology for the formulation of the judgment about the safety management. This paper illustrates the fully improved method, as well as an application to a typical gas storage plant.     

Gallic acid和SDS对黑麦草体内重金属亚细胞及形态分布的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了投加螯合剂没食子酸gallic acid(5mmol·kg-1)与表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠SDS(1mmol·kg-1)对黑麦草(Lolium perenneL.)体内重金属亚细胞及形态分布的影响.结果表明,单独投加gallicacid增强了黑麦草对Cd、Pb的区室化作用及对Zn的细胞壁沉积作用;复合投加gallic acid和SDS增强了黑麦草对Cd的区室化作用和细胞壁沉积作用,以及对Zn的细胞壁沉积作用.单独投加gallic acid使黑麦草体内Cd、Zn总量分别增加了33.5%和6.0%,其中,惰性态Cd、Zn所占比例分别增加了6.2%、6.3%;复合投加gallic acid和SDS使黑麦草体内Cd总量增加了35.6%,Zn总量减少了1.1%,其中,惰性态Cd、Zn所占比例分别增加了7.2%、8.6%,增强了植物对Cd、Zn的螯合作用.各处理对Pb的亚细胞分布及形态无明显影响.     

影响大气汞化学过程的敏感因子分析

为了分析汞在大气中的化学行为,在一个化学模式中加入汞的气相、气液平衡和液相反应,模拟大气汞及其化合物的演变规律,并分析了气象因子(云、光解率、温度)和化学因子(气态O3、H2O2、HO2、OH和气态零价汞Hg0(g))的初始体积分数对各形态汞及其化合物浓度和Hg0(g)转化率的影响.模拟结果表明,在中等大气污染条件下,Hg0(g)的每小时平均转化率为2.91%.敏感性试验结果表明,云量、光解率、温度、O3和Hg0(g)的初始体积分数对不同形态汞的影响较为显著.云量的增加、光解率的增加、臭氧初始体积分数的升高,各形态汞的平衡时间缩短,除气态氧化汞和一价汞离子外,其他形态汞的平衡浓度均会降低,Hg0(g)的转化率增加.温度增加将抑制Hg0(g)的转化.Hg0(g)的初始体积分数增加,各形态汞的浓度升高,但其平均转化率没有显著变化.不同因子对汞化学过程的相对作用对区域或全球大气汞的环境模拟具有指导意义.     

序批式颗粒污泥系统中磷的变化和去向分析

在实验室序批式活性污泥法(SBR)处理系统中以普通活性污泥为接种污泥,采用厌氧-好氧的运行方式提高系统的除磷效果.同时培养颗粒污泥,并对系统中磷的变化和去向进行分析.结果表明,整个试验共运行146 d,成熟颗粒污泥平均粒径为603μm,污泥体积指数(SVI)约为30 mL.g-1,COD去除率可达90%,磷的去除率可达95%左右.颗粒污泥系统除厌氧放磷和好氧聚磷以外,还存在明显的污泥颗粒积磷现象.磷的去除途径主要为:系统排泥(出水悬浮物和专门排泥)和污泥积磷.由厌氧末期颗粒污泥的X射线衍射(XRD)分析结果可知,化学沉淀是污泥积磷的一种重要方式,大量的金属离子会与磷形成无机盐沉积在污泥颗粒上.     

Releases of phosphate fertilizer industry in the surrounding environment: Investigation on heavy metals and polonium-210 in soil

Distribution of Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr,Ni,Mn concentrations and the activity of polonium-210 in the surrounding area of a phosphate fertilizer industry located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea has been determined.Nineteen sampling sites were distributed around the industrial zone on a surface area of about 100,000 m2.Atomic absorption spectroscopy and Alpha spectroscopy were used to quantify the heavy elements and polonium-210,respectively.Investigation on a particle scale was conducted by TEM and SEM coupled to EDX and X-ray cartography to determine the nature of heavy elements carriers and their distribution.Heavy elements were mainly concentrated inside the particle size fraction 50 μm.Their levels decreased with distance increasing from the industry.According to the reference soil,enrichment factors were about 10,15,32 and 100 times for Zn,Pb,Cu,and Cr,respectively inside the particle size fraction 50 μm on the closest sites to the industry.The main contaminant sources were transport and storage of row materials and the free release of phosphogypsum waste.Heavy elements were entrapped inside agglomerates of sulfates,phosphates and iron oxihydroxides in a di used shape.Polonium-210 with an enrichment factor of about 56,showed the same behavior of the spatial distribution of the trace elements.     

薄膜覆盖减少化肥养分流失研究

我国化肥的利用率低,使用量又不断增长,增加了农业面源污染问题的严重性.本研究针对化肥流失主要通过水带走的特性,进行大田试验种植玉米,利用薄膜覆盖所施用的化肥,实现"肥与水隔离",以减少化肥流失.试验一方面观察了不同施肥处理二季甜玉米的生长和产量,另一方面测定了作物对肥料的利用率以及地表径流养分含量.结果表明,在本土壤条件下甜玉米只需施用常规施肥量的70%即可达到高产.甜玉米收获后土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、有效钾的含量比不经薄膜覆盖的显著提高,其顺序为100%施肥量+覆膜70%施肥量+覆膜100%施肥量、70%施肥量不施肥.氮、磷、钾肥料的表观利用率分别为42%~87%、0%~3%和5%~15%,覆膜处理一般高于不覆膜处理,特别是在高施肥量情况下更为明显.通过8次径流水的收集测定,无薄膜覆盖的施肥处理的地表径流N、P和K平均浓度分别为27.72、2.70和7.07 mg.L-1,薄膜覆盖技术处理降低N、P、K浓度的效果分别达到了39.54%、28.05%、43.74%,对于减少农业面源污染和水体富营养化可起到明显效果.     

化学絮凝剂预处理马铃薯淀粉废水的比较研究

马铃薯淀粉废水产生的季节性使得常规生物处理应用起来存在很大困难,采用絮凝剂对废水进行预处理可减轻后续处理负担。文章使用常规化学絮凝剂AlCl3、Fe2(SO4)3、PAM以及有机和无机之间的相互复配对马铃薯淀粉废水进行絮凝预处理,研究了投药量、废水pH值、助凝剂CaCl2投加量以及沉降时间等因素对絮凝效果的影响,确定了各絮凝剂处理废水的较佳絮凝条件,并在较佳条件下处理废水,通过综合比较处理效率、处理成本、絮凝条件难易程度等方面,确定了马铃薯淀粉废水的较佳絮凝剂为AlCl3+PAM,其具有废水处理效果好(COD去除率为41.08%,浊度去除率为95.06%,色度去除率为90.63%)、投药量少(2mLAlCl3+0.3mLPAM)、助凝剂投加量少(1mLCaCl)2、较佳pH在废水初始pH范围内、处理成本低(11.05元/t废水)、产生污泥量少(649g/t废水)等优点。     

化妆品生产废水处理技术研究进展

文章综述了化妆品生产废水的来源及特征,介绍了针对化妆品生产废水的物理、化学、物化、生物及生态处理技术,包括近几年研究的新技术,为化妆品生产废水处理方式提供了参考。